Battery Description

Main performance parameters of the battery electromotive force, capacity, specific energy and resistance.ThinkPad R51 Electromotive force is equal to units of positive charge from negative to move through the cathode inside the battery when the battery of non-electrostatic (chemical force) done by power. Electromotive force depends on the chemical properties of electrode materials, and battery size. The total output of the battery can charge capacity of the battery capacity in ampere-hours is usually treated as a unit. In the battery reaction, 1 kg-reactive substances produced by the battery power is called the theory of specific energy. Cells were actually higher than the energy smaller than the theoretical specific energy. Because the batteries are not all reactants reaction according to the battery while the battery internal resistance caused by electromotive force must fall, so often the battery than the energy, high-called high-energy batteries. The larger the size of the battery, the smaller the resistance.

Battery energy storage is limited, the battery can charge the total amount of output is called its capacity, usually treated as a unit in ampere-hours, it is also one of the battery performance parameters. The capacity of the battery related to the number and electrode material, namely the size of the electrode. laptop battery

Practical chemical batteries can be divided into two basic types: primary cells and batteries [1]. Made after the original battery can generate current, but the discharge is completed Jibei abandoned. Battery also known as secondary batteries before use should conduct charge, charge to use after discharge, discharge can also be charged after the re-use. Battery charging, the energy converted into chemical energy; discharge, chemical energy into electricity.

[Edit this paragraph] Battery History

In ancient times, humans may have been continuously in research and testing "electric" this things. One is considered the clay history of several thousand bottles in 1932 in Iraq near Baghdad, have been discovered. It has a copper cylinder inserted inside the iron - used to store static electricity may be used, but the bottle's secret may never be revealed.

Whether the ancestors of manufacturing the clay bottles know about static electricity thing, but is certain that the ancient Greeks should know. They know that if the friction and an amber can attract light objects. Aristotle (Aristotle) also know that there such thing as a magnet, it is a powerful magnetic force to attract iron and metal ores.

1780, Italian anatomist Luigi Galvani do frog dissections, the hands were holding various kinds of metal equipment, inadvertently touched the frog's thigh at the same time, the frog legs twitch muscles at once a moment, as if stimulated by the current , but only with a metal instrument to touch the frog, but there is no such counter-on. Galvani believed that this phenomenon occurs because the animal body a kind of internally generated electricity, which he called "bio-power." Galvani in 1791 the results of this experiment written papers published in the academic community. FRU 08K8193

Galvani's discovery aroused great interest to physicists, they are competing thoughts Galvani repeated the experiment, an attempt to find a way to generate current, the Italian physicist volts after the experiment several times that: Galvani's " bioelectricity "is not correct, the frog muscle has been able to produce current, probably some kind of liquid in muscle at work. In order to demonstrate their point of view, voltage to two different kinds of metal immersed in a variety of solution testing. The results showed that the two metal film, as long as there is a place with the solution of chemical reaction between the metal can generate electricity.

1799, volts into a zinc plate and a silver plate immersed in salt water was found to connect two metal wires have current through. So he put a number of zinc and silver film between the pads of cloth or paper soaked in salt water, flat-stacked. Touching both ends, it will feel a strong current stimulus. Volts using this method was successfully made the world's first battery ─ ─ "V of the stack." This "V Stack" is actually a series of batteries. It became an early electrical experiments, telegraph source of power.

Italian physicist repeated on many occasions volt Galvani experiment. As a physicist, his attention focused on those two points, metal, not in the frog's nerves. For the Galvani discovered the phenomenon of frog legs twitch, he thought it may be related to electrical related,92P1060 but he thinks the frog muscles and nerves in the electricity does not exist, he seems to presuppose the flow of electricity may be caused by two different metals contact with each other generated, whether the contact with metal or dead animal activity has nothing to do. Experiments show that as long as the interval with two kinds of metal film impregnated with saline or alkaline (or even as long as the wet and) cardboard, linen, leather or other sponge-like thing (he thinks it is necessary to make a successful experiment ), and metal wire connecting the two pieces of metal together, with or without frog muscle, there will be current through. This indicates that the organization of power is not generated from the frog, the frog legs served only to the equivalent of a very sensitive electroscope only.

1836, Britain's Daniel on the "V of the stack" was modified. He used sulfuric acid as the electrolyte, to solve the battery polarization problem, create the first non-polarized, to maintain a balanced current ─ copper zinc batteries, also known as "Daniell cell." Later, one after another depolarization better the "Bunsen battery" and "Grove cell" and so on come out. However, these cells are present voltage with the use of prolonged decline problems.

In 1860, France's Plante invented the battery electrode made of lead. The battery is unique in that when the battery so that the use of a voltage drop, you can give it pass in order to reverse current, so that the battery voltage is picked up. Because the battery can be charged, you can re-use, so call it "battery."

However, no matter what kind of batteries are required to fill the liquid between the two metal plates, so transportation is very convenient, 08K8214 especially the battery is used in liquid sulfuric acid, in the moving time is very dangerous.

Also in 1860, France's Leikelanshi (GeorgeLeclanche) has invented the world's widely used in batteries (carbon-zinc batteries) predecessor. Its anode is zinc and mercury alloy rod (zinc - a prototype Volt battery anode, a cathode material proved to be one of the best metal), while its cathode is a porous glass with crushed dioxide dress a mixture of manganese and carbon. In this mixture is inserted in a carbon rod as the current collector. Anode rod and anode cups were immersed in the ammonium chloride as the electrolyte solution. This system is called "wet-cell batteries." Leikelanshi manufacture batteries but it is simple but cheap, so until 1880, was only to improve the "dry" instead. Can be improved into a zinc anode (ie, the battery case), rather than a liquid electrolyte into a paste, basically this is what we are known as carbon-zinc batteries.

In 1887, the British invented the first dry Hellesen. Battery electrolyte is a paste, will not spill, easy to carry, so access to a wide range of applications.

1890 Thomas Edison invented the iron-nickel rechargeable batteries

Dry mass production in 1896 in the United States 08K8195

1896 invention of D batteries.

1899 Waldmar Jungner invented nickel-cadmium batteries.

1910 rechargeable nickel-iron batteries for commercial production

1911 China's production of batteries and lead-acid battery factory (Shanghai Traffic battery factory)

1914 Thomas Edison invented alkaline batteries.

1934, Schlecht and Akermann invention sintered plate nickel-cadmium batteries.

Neumann developed in 1947, sealed nickel-cadmium batteries.

1949 Lew Urry (Energizer) has developed a small alkaline batteries.

1954, Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin developed the solar cells.

In 1956 Energizer. Manufacture of a 9-volt battery

1956, China's first to build a nickel-cadmium battery factory (FY Equipment Factory (755 Factory))

1960 before and after the Union Carbide. Commercial production of alkaline batteries, alkaline batteries began to study in China (Xi'an Qinghua factory three cooperative R & D)

1970 before and after the maintenance-free lead-acid batteries. 08K8193

Before and after 1970, a practical lithium battery.

1976, Philips Research scientists have invented the nickel-metal hydride batteries.

Before and after 1980 for the development of a stable alloy of nickel-metal hydride batteries.

In 1983 China began to study nickel-metal hydride batteries (Nankai University)

1987 nickel-cadmium batteries in China to improve process, using foam nickel battery capacity by 40%

China before 1987, commercial production of a lithium battery

China's nickel-metal hydride batteries in 1989, studies are included in the national plan

Angle to emerge before 1990 (chewing gum type) batteries,

1990 Ni-MH batteries before and after commercial production.

1991 Sony. Rechargeable lithium-ion battery for commercial production

In 1992 Karl Kordesch, Josef Gsellmann and Klaus Tomantschger made alkaline rechargeable battery patent

1992 Battery Technologies, Inc. Production of alkaline rechargeable batteries

China's nickel-metal hydride batteries in 1995, commercial production beginning to take shape

1999 rechargeable lithium-polymer battery for commercial production

In 2000, the commercial production of lithium-ion battery

After 2000, fuel cells, solar cells as the world's attention a new focus on energy development issues08K8192